Distributed Generation

Power system phenomena such as reverse power flows, voltage dips and swells, varying fault levels and equipment loading are some of the major challenges associated with distributed generation in electricity systems.

Of particular note are the challenges arising from the interaction between highly volatile generation from renewable sources and an increasing variability in consumption.
The extensive model library in PowerFactory offers users the possibility to use ready-made load flow and dynamic models for generators and converters, PV systems with integrated power calculation based on solar radiation, fuel cells, wind generators and battery storage (according to IEC and WECC).

To account for the interaction between consumption and generation in the network, models for single and three-phase loads, consumption energy profiles and models for electric vehicles can be used.

This provides the perfect basis for all the necessary analysis, from unbalanced network assessments and voltage drop/rise calculations, to Quasi-Dynamic Simulations and Voltage Profile Optimisation. Using the Hosting Capacity calculation, the remaining capacity for renewable energies can be evaluated, while Probabilistic Analysis and Reliability Analysis can be performed in order to determine the risks of uncertainty.

Relevant Features

Modelling

  • PV system model with integrated power calculation based on solar radiation (1 and 3-phase technology)
  • Wind generator model with power calculation based on wind speed distribution or time-series input
  • Dynamic models of wind turbine generators, PV systems, battery storage and distributed energy resources (DER_A) including FRT-capability
  • Built-in WECC composite load model
  • Various reactive power control schemes for single generators or wind farm / PV park master controllers
  • On-load-tap-changer capability with various control schemes including line-drop-compensation for transformers and voltage regulators
  • Symmetrical and unsymmetrical network representation

Calculation

  • Harmonic analysis, impedance sweep and Flickermeter calculation for power quality assessment
  • Medium to long term Quasi-Dynamic Simulation accounting for variable generation and battery storage applications
  • Optimisation of distribution transformer tap positions for bi-directional power flows in systems with a high level of distributed generation, for optimised voltage profile
  • Short-Circuit Calculation
    AC grids according to IEC 60909, ANSI and IEC 61363
    DC grids according to IEC 61660 and ANSI/IEEE 946
  • Hosting-Capacity Analysis tool for the evaluation of spare generation or load capacity in predefined network areas
  • Probabilistic Analysis of load flow and optimal power flow
  • Reliability Analysis to identify the loss of generation and loads including optimal restoration schemes
  • Cable Sizing for distribution networks, derating factor and Cable Ampacity calculation
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